1. From Aristotle to Adam Smith Two kinds of justice The right of necessity Property rights Communal experiments and Utopian writings Poor laws 2. The eighteenth century Citizen quality: Rousseau Changing our picture of the poor: Smith The equal worth of human beings: Kant To the Vendôme Palais de Justice: Babeuf 3. From Babeuf to Rawls Reaction Positivists Marx Utilitarians Rawls After Rawls