Argumentation schemes

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1. Basic Tools in the State of the Art

1. Introducing Argumentation Schemes

2. Argument from Position to Know and Expert Opinion

3. Critical Questions

4. Enthymemes, Schemes, and Critical Questions

5. Argument Diagramming Tools

6. Introducing Araucaria

7. Problems to be Solved

8. How Are Schemes Binding?

9. Directions for AI

10. Where We Go from Here

2. Schemes for Argument from Analogy, Classification, and Precedent

1. The Case of the Drug-Sniffing Dog

2. Argument from Analogy as Treated in Logic Textbooks

3. Is Argument from Analogy Deductive or Inductive?

4. The Schemes for Argument from Analogy

5. Argument from Analogy as a Defeasible Form of Argument

6. Arguments from Classification

7. Arguments Based on Rules and Classifications

8. Argument from Precedent and Practical Argument from Analogy

9. The Case of the Drug-Sniffing Dog Again

10. Conclusions

3. Knowledge-Related, Practical, and Other Schemes

1. Arguments from Knowledge

2. Practical Reasoning

3. Lack-of-Knowledge Arguments

4. Arguments from Consequences

5. Fear and Danger Appeals

6. Arguments from Alternatives and Opposites

7. Pleas for Help and Excuses

8. Composition and Division Arguments

9. Slippery Slope Arguments

10. Attacking Verbal Classification and Slippery Slope Arguments

4. Arguments from Generally Accepted Opinions, Commitment, and Character

1. Arguments from Popular Opinion

2. Variants of the Basic Form

3. Argument from Commitment

4. Arguments from Inconsistency

5. Ethotic Arguments

6. Circumstantial Ad Hominem

7. Argument from Bias

8. Ad Hominem Strategies to Rebut a Personal Attack

5. Causal Argumentation Schemes

1. The Problem of Causation

2. Argument from Cause to Effect

3. Argument from Effect to Cause

4. Argument from Correlation to Cause

5. Cases in Point

6. Causal Argumentation at Stages of an Investigation

7. Causal Assertions as Defeasible

8. Toward a System of Analysis and Classification

9. Dialectical and Bayesian Models of Causal Argumentation

6. Schemes and Enthymemes

1. Introduction

2. Preliminary Discussion of the Problem

3. A Deductive Case

4. Limitations of Deductive Analysis

5. Use of Argumentation Schemes in Analysis

6. Use of Schemes in Analyzing Weak Arguments

7. Limitations of Schemes

8. Discussion of Cases

9. The Attribution Problem

10. The Dialectical Component of the Enthymeme Machine

7. Attack, Rebuttal, and Refutation

1. Attacking, Questioning, Rebutting, and Refuting

2. Older Theories of Refutation

3. Newer Theories of Refutation

4. Argumentation Schemes and Critical Questions

5. Toward a Pragmatic Theory of Refutation

6. Different Kinds of Opposition

7. Internal and External Refutation

8. A Case Study of Combined Rebuttals

9. The Problem of Argument from Opposites

10. Problems about Critical Questions and Refutations

8. The History of Schemes

1. Aristotle on the Topics

2. Cicero

3. Boethius

4. From Abelard to the Thirteenth Century

5. Fourteenth-Century Logic

6. Topics in the Renaissance and the Port Royal Logic

7. Modern Theories of Schemes

8. Conclusions

9. A User's Compendium of Schemes

1. Argument from Position to Know

2. Argument from Expert Opinion

3. Argument from Witness Testimony

4. Argument from Popular Opinion (and Subtypes)

5. Argument from Popular Practice

6. Argument from Example

7. Argument from Analogy

8. Practical Reasoning from Analogy

9. Argument from Composition

10. Argument from Division

11. Argument from Oppositions

12. Rhetorical Argument from Oppositions

13. Argument from Alternatives

14. Argument from Verbal Classification

15. Argument from Definition to Verbal Classification

16. Argument from Vagueness of a Verbal Classification

17. Argument from Arbitrariness of a Verbal Classification

18. Argument from Interaction of Act and Person

19. Argument from Values

20. Argument from Sacrifice

21. Argument from the Group and Its Members

22. Practical Reasoning

23. Two-Person Practical Reasoning

24. Argument from Waste

25. Argument from Sunk Costs

26. Argument from Ignorance

27. Epistemic Argument from Ignorance

28. Argument from Cause to Effect

29. Argument from Correlation to Cause

30. Argument from Sign

31. Abductive Argumentation Scheme

32. Argument from Evidence to a Hypothesis

33. Argument from Consequences

34. Pragmatiic Argument from Alternatives

35. Argument from Threat

36. Argument from Fear Appeal

37. Argument from Danger Appeal

38. Argument from Need for Help

39. Argument from Distress

40. Argument from Commitment

41. Ethotic Argument

42. Generic Ad Hominem

43. Pragmatic Inconsistency

44. Argument from Inconsistent Commitment

45. Circumstantial Ad Hominem

46. Argument from Bias

47. Bias Ad Hominem

48. Argument from Gradualism

49. Slippery Slope Argument

50. Precedent Slippery Slope Argument

51. Sorites Slippery Slope Argument

52. Verbal Slippery Slope Argument

53. Full Slippery Slope Argument

54. Argument for Constitutive-Rule Claims

55. Argument from Rules

56. Argument for an Exceptional Case

57. Argument from Precedent

58. Argument from Plea for Excuse

59. Argument from Perception

60. Argument from Memory

10. Refining the Classification of Schemes

1. A Proposed General System for Classification of Schemes

2. Classification of Ad Hominem Schemes

3. Classifying the Subtypes of Ad Hominem Arguments

4. Complications

5. Conclusions

11. Formalizing Schemes

1. The Defeasible Modus Ponens Form of Schemes

2. Schemes in AML

3. Elements of a Formalization of Schemes

4. Formalization of Schemes in the Carneades System

5. Formally Modeling the Critical Questions

6. The Argument Interchange Format

7. The Research Project for Developing a Formal System

8. Schemes in Dialogue

9. Summary of the Dialectical System ASD

10. A Worked Example of a Dialogue in ASD

11. Conclusions

12. Schemes in Computer Systems

1. Schemes in Araucaria

2. Schemes in ArguMed

3. Schemes in Compendium

4. Schemes in Rationale

5. Schemes in Natural Language Argumentation

6. Schemes in Interagent Communication

7. Schemes in Automated Reasoning

8. Schemes in Computational Applications

9. Conclusions

Bibliography

Index