Chemical biomarkers in aquatic ecosystems

Metabolic synthesis

Chemical biomarker applications to ecology and paleoecology

Stable isotopes and radiocarbon

Analytical chemical methods and instrumentation

Carbohydrates : neutral and minor sugars

Proteins : amino acids and amines

Nucleic acids and molecular tools

Lipids : fatty acids

Isoprenoid lipids : steroids, hopanoids, and triterpenoids

Lipids : hydrocarbons

Lipids : alkenones, polar lipids, and ether lipids

Photosynthetic pigments : chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins

Lignins, cutins, and suberins

Anthropogenic markers

Appendix I. Atomic weight of elements

Appendix II. Useful SI units and conversion factors

Appendix III. Physical and chemical constants.