The last pharaohs: Egypt under the Ptolemies, 305-30 BC

Egypt in the first millennium BC

The historical understanding of the Ptolemaic state

Moving beyond despotism, economic planning, and state banditry : Ptolemaic Egypt as a premodern state

Shaping a new state : the political economy of the Ptolemies

Creating a new economic order : economic life and economic policy under the Ptolemies

Order and law shaping the law in a new state

Conclusions

Appendix: The trial record of the property dispute held at the Temple of Wepwawet in Asyut, Upper Egypt, 170 BC, before the local laokritai-judges.