Bulgaria

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Maps

List of Tables

Abbreviations

Transliteration scheme

Prologue

1. Origins

1. Bulgaria and the Bulgarians

2. Bulgaria before the Ottoman conquest

3. The Bulgarians under Ottoman Rule

2. The Bulgarian National Renaissance, I. Introduction

1. The pre-renaissance

2. The kurdjaliistvo

3. Population movements

3. The Bulgarian National Renaissance, II. The Cultural Revival and the Creation of the Modern Bulgarian State

1. The Tanzimat and the modernization of the Ottoman system

2. The education movement

3. Language and the press

4. The campaign for a Bulgarian Church

5. The revolutionary and political movements

4. The Turnovo Constitution and the Reign of Prince Alexander, 1878-1886

1. The Turnovo constitution and political instability, 1879-1881

2. Prince Alexander's attempted authoritarian rule, 1881-1883

3. The restoration of the Turnovo constitution and the rule of the liberals, 1883-1885

4. The national question, and the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia, 1878-1885

5. War with Serbia and the deposition of Prince Alexander, 1885-1886

6. The election of Prince Ferdinand

5. Stefan Stambolov, Prince Ferdinand, and the Quest for Recognition, 1887-1896

1. Stambolov ascendant, 1887-1890

2. The decline and fall of Stambolov, 1890-1894

3. The recognition of Prince Ferdinand, 1894-1896

4. Parties, partizantsvo, and the political system

6. Prince Ferdinand's Personal Rule, 1896-1912

1. The Macedonian question, 1894-1898

2. The ORC fiasco, 1894-1899

3. The agrarian crisis and the birth of BANU, 1899-1901

4. Money and Macedonia, 1900-1903

5. The Ilinden rising and the second stambolovist government, 1903-1908

6. The government of Malinov and the declaration of independence, 1907-1911

7. The growth of political radicalism

7. Bulgaria at War, 1912-1918

1. Constitutional change and the formation of the Balkan league

2. The first Balkan war

3. The second Balkan war: the first 'national catastrophe'

4. From Balkan to European war

5. Bulgaria and the first world war: the commitment to the central powers

6. Bulgaria in the first world war: the second 'national catastrophe'

8. Between Two Wars, 1919-1941

1. The treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine

2. The agrarians versus the communists, 1919-1920

3. BANU in power, 1920-1923

4. The tsankovist terror, 1923-1926

5. The government of the Democratic Alliance, 1926-1931

6. The People's Bloc and the great depression, 1931-1934

7. The zvenari government, 19 May 1934-January 1935

8. The personal regime of King Boris, 1935-1941

9. Bulgaria and the Second World War, 1941-1944

1. The occupied territories

2. Domestic politics during the war

3. Bulgaria's military participation in the war

4. The regency and the end of the 'symbolic' war

5. Internal opposition: the Fatherland Front, and the partisan movement

6. Bulgaria's exit from the war

10. Social and Economic Factors, 1878-1944

1. Demography

2. Stability and change

3. The persistence and dominance of the small peasant proprietor

4. Standards of living in rural areas

5. Agricultural backwardness

6. Urban growth

7. Industrial development

8. The state and industry

9. Public health

10. The position of women in Bulgarian society

11. The Communist Acquisition of Power, 1944-1948

1. The first purges, September 1944-May 1945

2. The communists versus the agrarians, May-November 1945

3. The communist offensive, December 1945-October 1946

4. The communists embattled, October 1946-February 1947

5. The peace treaty and the elimination of Petkov, February-September 1947

6. The communists assume total control, September-December 1947

12. The Communists in Power, I. The Rule of Terror, the Reign of Vulko Chervenkov, and the Rise of Todor Zhivkov, 1948-1965

1. The transformation of the social and economic order

2. The terror and the stalinist purges

3. Vulko Chervenkov and the sovietization of Bulgaria, 1949-1953

4. The 'new course' in Bulgaria, 1953-1956

5. The April plenum 1956

6. Zhivkov versus Yugov, 1956-1962

13. The Communists in Power, II. The Rule of Todor Zhivkov, 1965-1989

1. Todor Zhivkov

2. Building socialism

3. 'Mature' or 'real existing socialism' in Bulgaria

4. Zhivkov ascendant, 1965-1975

5. Zhivkov's external policies

6. The amazing career of Lyudmila Zhivkova

7. The decline of communist power; the collapse of the economic strategy

8. The decline of communist power: the 'regenerative process'

9. The decline of party authority, 1975-1985

10. The collapse of the Zhivkov regime, 1985-1989

14. Post-Communist Bulgaria, 1989-2005

1. Devising a new constitution, December 1989-July 1991

2. Treading water, October 1991-January 1995

3. The BSP government, January 1995-April 1997

4. The Kostov government and movement towards the EU and NATO, April 1997-June 2001

5. Government by 'the king' and entry into NATO and the EU, June 2001-June 2005

6. Postscript: the elections of 2005

15. The Minority and Demographic Questions

1. The Muslims: Turks and Pomaks, 1878-1989

2. The other minorities, 1878-1944

3. The minorities under communist rule, 1944-1989

4. The minorities since 1989

5. Recent demographic decline

Epilogue: Bulgaria between East and West

Appendix. Bulgarian Political Parties, 1878-1934

Bibliographical Notes

General histories

The Bulgarian national revival

From the liberation to the end of the first world war

From the end of the first to the end of the second world war

Social and economic development from 1878 to 1944

The years of communist domination, 1944-1989

Bulgaria since 1989

Minorities and ethnic questions

Index